Amplio estudio (283 mujeres) sobre la eficacia de Manosar(R): 2 g de d-manosa + 140 mg de proantocianidinas (PAC), de liberación prolongada frente a 240 mg de PAC de liberación prolongada en la prevención a 6 meses por vía oral de las infecciones urinarias recurrentes / Large study (283 women) on the effectiveness of Manosar(R): 2 g of d-mannose + 140 mg of proanthocyanidins (PAC), of prolonged release

OBJETIVO: Comparar la eficacia y seguridad de la profilaxis de las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITUs) con un complemento alimenticio que contiene D-manosa como principio activo principal (Manosar(R)), en comparación con otro preparado cuyo principio activo único son las proantocianidinas (PAC), ambos de liberación continuada, tras su administración durante24 semanas. MÉTODOS: Estudio experimental multicéntrico, aleatorizado y doble ciego. Se incluyeron 283 mujeres con historia de ITUs recurrentes sin evidencias de complicación. Se randomizaron 1:1 en dos grupos. En un grupo se administró 1 sobre diario oral de Manosar®, y en el otro 1 sobre diario oral de un compuesto de 240 mg de PAC de liberación continuada. Previo a la inclusión en el estudio se confirmó el episodio de ITU al menos por la sintomatología clínica y positividad del test de Combur. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron datos válidos de 184 pacientes con edad media de 49,5 años: 90 recibieron Manosar(R) y 94 PAC aislado. Un total de 72 pacientes padecieron una ITU por E.coli: 25 pacientes en el brazo con Manosar(R) frente a 47 pacientes en el grupo de PAC aislado, siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,002). El tiempo libre de nuevas recurrencias de ITU fue de 98,6 días en el grupo tratado con Manosar(R) y de 84,6 días en el grupo con PAC aislado. CONCLUSIÓN: La toma oral de un sobre al día de Manosar(R) es eficaz y segura en la prevención de las ITUs recurrentes en la mujer, siendo superior a la toma oral de PAC aislado

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety in the prophylasis of urinary tract infections (UTIs) with a food supplement that contains D-mannose like active ingredient (Manosar(R)), in comparison to another preparation in which the active ingredient are the proanthocyanidins (PAC), both of them, in prolonged released, after, they was administered for 24 weeks. METHODS: A multicenter, randomized and double blind experimental study was carried out. 283 women with a history of recurrent UTIs without evidence of complication were included. They were randomized 1: 1 in two groups. In one group, 1 oral sachet of Manosar(R) a day was administered, and in the other group 1 oral sachet of a compound of 240 mg of continuous-release PAC. Prior to inclusion in the study, the episode of UTI was confirmed at least by the clinical symptoms and positivity of the Combur test. RESULTS: Valid data were obtained from 184 patients with an average age of 49.5 years: 90 received Manosar(R) and 94 isolated PAC. A total of 72 patients suffered an UTI due to E.coli: 25 patients in the arm with Manosar(R) versus 47 patients in the isolated PAC group, this difference being statistically significant (p = 0.002). The free time of new UTI recurrences was 98.6 days in the group treated with Manosar(R) and 84.6 days in the group with isolated PAC. CONCLUSION: The oral taking of a daily sachet of Manosar(R) is effective and safe in preventing recurrent UTIs in women, being superior to the oral taking of isolated PAC

Large study (283 women) on the effectiveness of Manosar®: 2 g of d-mannose + 140 mg of proanthocyanidins (PAC), of prolonged release. / Amplio estudio (283 mujeres) sobre la eficacia de Manosar®: 2 g de d-manosa + 140 mg de proantocianidinas (PAC), de liberación prolongada frente a 240 mg de PAC de liberación prolongada en la prevención a 6 meses por vía oral de las infecciones urinarias recurrentes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety in the prophylasis of urinary tract infections (UTIs) with a food supplement that contains D-mannose like active ingredient (Manosar®), in comparison to another preparation in which the active ingredient are the proanthocyanidins (PAC), both of them, in prolonged released, after, they was administered for 24 weeks. METHODS: A multicenter, randomized and double blind experimental study was carried out. 283 women with a history of recurrent UTIs without evidence of complication were included. They were randomized 1: 1 in two groups. In one group, 1 oral sachet of Manosar® a day was administered, and in the other group 1 oral sachet of a compound of 240 mg of continuous-release PAC. Prior to inclusion in the study, the episode of UTI was confirmed at least by the clinical symptoms and positivity of the Combur test. RESULTS: Valid data were obtained from 184 patients with an average age of 49.5 years: 90 received Manosar® and 94 isolated PAC. A total of 72 patients suffered an UTI due to E.coli: 25 patients in the arm with Manosar® versus 47 patients in the isolated PAC group, this difference being statistically significant (p=0.002). The free time of new UTI recurrences was 98.6 days in the group treated with Manosar® and 84.6 days in the group with isolated PAC. CONCLUSION: The oral taking of a daily sachet of Manosar® is effective and safe in preventing recurrent UTIs in women, being superior to the oral taking of isolated PAC.

OBJETIVO: Comparar la eficacia y seguridad de la profilaxis de las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITUs) con un complemento alimenticio que contiene D-manosa como principio activo principal (Manosar®), en comparación con otro preparado cuyo principio activo único son las proantocianidinas (PAC), ambos de liberación continuada, tras su administración durante24 semanas.MÉTODOS: Estudio experimental multicéntrico, aleatorizado y doble ciego. Se incluyeron 283 mujeres con historia de ITUs recurrentes sin evidencias de complicación. Se randomizaron 1:1 en dos grupos. En un grupo se administró 1 sobre diario oral de Manosar®, y en el otro 1 sobre diario oral de un compuesto de 240 mg de PAC de liberación continuada. Previo a la inclusión en el estudio se confirmó el episodio de ITU al menos por la sintomatología clínica y positividad del test de Combur. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron datos válidos de 184 pacientes con edad media de 49,5 años: 90 recibieron Manosar® y 94 PAC aislado. Un total de 72 pacientes padecieron una ITU por E.coli: 25 pacientes en el brazo con Manosar® frente a 47 pacientes en el grupo de PAC aislado, siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0,002). El tiempo libre de nuevas recurrencias de ITU fue de 98,6 días en el grupo tratado con Manosar® y de 84,6 días en el grupo con PAC aislado.CONCLUSIÓN: La toma oral de un sobre al día de Manosar® es eficaz y segura en la prevención de las ITUs recurrentes en la mujer, siendo superior a la toma oral de PAC aislado.

[Efficacy and safety of D-mannose (2 g), 24h prolonged release, associated with Proanthocyanidin (PAC), versus isolate PAC, in the management of a series of women with recurrent urinary infections.] / Eficacia y tolerancia terapéutica de la D­manosa (2 g) de liberación prolongada 24 horas (asociada a proantocianidinas), frente a proantocianidinas aisladas en el manejo de una serie de mujeres con infecciones urinarias recurrentes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of dietary supplement "Manosar®" composed of D-mannose (2 g), 24 h prolonged release, associated with Proanthocyanidin (PAC) (140 mg), ursolic acid (7.98 mg), A, C, and D vitamins and the oligoelement zinc, versus 240 mg of PAC in recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI), for a designed follow-up of 24 weeks, in women. METHODS: A multicenter randomized experimental double-blind study was carried out. The study was approved by review board of "Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo" (Spain), and all patients gave informed consent. A total of 150 women with non complicated UTI were screened for participation. Valid data was obtained from 93, with mean age of 48 years. Fortyfour patients were assigned to the Manosar® group and 51 patients to the PAC group. Patients were followed during six months. A previous UTI was defined based on a combination of symptoms and a positive reactive urine trip. Confirmation of a new UTI was based on symptoms, reactive urine strip and urine culture. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients (35%) had an UTI during the six months follow-up. The percentage of UTI of the Manosar® group during this period was 24%, while the percentage of the PAC group was 45% (p〈0.05). The disease-free time for the Manosar® group was 95 days, while this time was 79 days for the PAC group. The incidence of side effects was low. Diarrhea was the most frequent side-effect in both groups. CONCLUSION: Manosar® (oral once a day) is more effective than single dose PAC (240 mg daily orally) to prevent recurrent UTI in women.

Eficacia y tolerancia terapéutica de la D-manosa (2 g) de liberación prolongada 24 horas (asociada a proantocianidinas), frente a proantocianidinas aisladas en el manejo de una serie de mujeres con infecciones urinarias recurrentes / Efficacy and safety of D-mannose (2 g), 24h prolonged release, associated with Proanthocyanidin (PAC), versus isolate PAC, in the management of a series of women with recurrent urinary infections

Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia y seguridad de un complemento alimenticio (Manosar®) (2 gramos de D-manosa, 140 mg de PAC y 7,98 mg de ácido ursólico junto con las vitaminas A, C y E, y el oligoelemento Zinc) en la recurrencia de la ITU y su comparación con un compuesto basado con 240 mg proantocianidinas (PAC aislado), con una duración de administración esperada de 24 semanas. Métodos: Estudio experimental multicéntrico, aleatorizado y doble ciego. Aprobado por el Comité Ético de Investigación clínica del "Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo". Todos los pacientes firmaron el consentimiento. Se incluyeron 150 mujeres con historia de ITU recurrentes sin evidencias de complicación. Se obtuvieron datos válidos de 93 pacientes con edad media de 47,62 años. 42 recibieron Manosar y 51 PAC aislado. Controles cada 30 días durante 6 meses. La confirmación del episodio clínico previo de ITU fue definido al menos por la sintomatología clínica y tira de orina Combur (positiva a leucocito-esterasa y/o nitritos). La confirmación del nuevo episodio incidente durante el estudio fue confirmado por la sintomatología clínica, tira de orina y urinocultivo. Resultados: 33 pacientes (35,48%) padecieron una ITU durante el periodo de 6 meses de seguimiento. En el grupo tratado con Manosar® se observó ITU a los seis meses en un 23,8%, mientras que en el grupo control (PAC aislado) fue de 45,1% (p<0,05). El tiempo libre de enfermedad fue de 78,81 días en el grupo control (PAC aislado) y de 94,7 días en el grupo tratado con Manosar®. Se observó una baja incidencia de acontecimientos adversos, siendo la diarrea el más frecuente en ambos grupos. Conclusión: La toma oral de Manosar®, un sobre al día, es más eficaz que la toma oral de 240 mg de PAC aislado, un sobre al día, en la prevención de las infecciones urinarias de repetición en la mujer (AU)

Objetive: To compare the efficacy and safety of dietary supplement "Manosar®" composed of D-mannose (2 g), 24 h prolonged release, associated with Proanthocyanidin (PAC) (140 mg), ursolic acid (7.98 mg), A, C, and D vitamins and the oligoelement zinc, versus 240 mg of PAC in recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI), for a designed follow-up of 24 weeks, in women. Methods: A multicenter randomized experimental double-blind study was carried out. The study was approved by review board of "Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo" (Spain), and all patients gave informed consent. A total of 150 women with non complicated UTI were screened for participation. Valid data was obtained from 93, with mean age of 48 years. Fortyfour patients were assigned to the Manosar® group and 51 patients to the PAC group. Patients were followed during six months. A previous UTI was defined based on a combination of symptoms and a positive reactive urine trip. Confirmation of a new UTI was based on symptoms, reactive urine strip and urine culture. Results: Thirty-three patients (35%) had an UTI during the six months follow-up. The percentage of UTI of the Manosar® group during this period was 24%, while the percentage of the PAC group was 45% (p<0.05). The disease-free time for the Manosar® group was 95 days, while this time was 79 days for the PAC group. The incidence of side effects was low. Diarrhea was the most frequent side-effect in both groups. Conclusion: Manosar® (oral once a day) is more effective than single dose PAC (240 mg daily orally) to prevent recurrent UTI in women (AU)

Triage prehospitalario: nociones básicas para profesionales no entrenados / Pre-hospital Triage: Basic Notions for Non-Trained Professionals

Dado que el triage es útil y necesario en la atención de urgencias, pero que no todos los profesionales están preparados para realizarlo, el propósito de este trabajo es proporcionar la información básica necesaria sobretriage para que un profesional de Enfermería recién graduado pueda desarrollar una actuación adecuada en caso de accidentes con múltiples víctimas (AMV).Para ello, se hace una descripción de la historia del triage, una diferenciación entre el triage hospitalario/extrahospitalario y se facilita una introducción a dos métodos de clasificación simples, como son el Start y el Short que, aunque están pensados para personal no sanitario, constituyen un muy buen punto de partida para todo aquel profesional sin la experiencia requerida para el afrontamiento de este tipo de situaciones, por la facilidad y simplicidad que poseen para ser recordados en momentos de estrés y caos, como ocurre en los AMV, situaciones ante la que se desbordan la capacidad habitual de asistencia (AU)

Given that triage is useful and necessary in Emergency Care, but not all professionals are trained for it, the objective of this paper is to provide the required basic information about triage so that a recently qualified Nursing Professional is able to act adequately in case of accidents with multiple victims (AMVs).To that end, the history of triage is described, a differentiation is made between hospital / extra-hospital triage, and an introduction to two simple classification methods, Start and Short, is provided. These have been designed for non-healthcare professionals, but they represent a very good point of start for all staff without the experience required to face this type of situations, due to their ease and simplicity to be remembered in times of stress and chaos, such as AMVs, which are situations exceeding the usual capacity of care (AU)

Manejo extrahospitalario de pacientes con comportamientos autolíticos / Extrahospital handling of patients with autolytic behaviors

El suicidio, gesto autolítico o ideación autolítica, es un problema sociocultural y sanitario de gran envergadura, y ha sufrido un aumento en los últimos 45 años del 60% en la población mundial. La definición de conducta suicida hace referencia a una serie de comportamientos relacionados con ideas de suicidio, tentativa de suicidio y suicidio consumado. La Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades CIE 10 define el suicidio como un acto con resultado letal, deliberadamente iniciado y realizado por el sujeto, sabiendo o esperando el resultado letal y donde la muerte es un instrumento para obtener cambios deseables en la actividad consciente y en el medio social. La necesidad de aprender a reconocer y manejar los sentimientos y conductas que los pacientes con comportamiento sautolíticos pueden provocar en los profesionales y que pueden interferir en la adecuada evaluación y asistencia de estos pacientes es otro de los objetivos que no deben nunca olvidarse, a fin de disminuir la ansiedad del profesional, del paciente y del entorno de este. El propósito de este artículo consiste en describir, a modo de guía rápida de intervención, los diversos pasos a realizar tanto en la detección como en el manejo de posibles comportamientos autolíticos, así como a identificar las diversas opciones a seguir cuando se responde a un aviso de un paciente que ha realizado o quiere realizar un gesto autolítico (AU)

Suicide, autolytic gesture or autolytic ideation is a huge sociocultural and healthcare problem and has undergone a 60% rise in the worldwide population over the past 45 years. The definition of suicidal behavior makes reference to a number of behaviors related to ideas of suicide, attempted suicide and completed suicide. The ICD-10 International Classification of Diseases defines suicide as an act with a lethal outcome, deliberately attempted and completed by the individual, knowing or expecting the lethal outcome and in which death is a means of achieving desired changes in the conscious activity and in the social environment. The need of learning to recognize and handle the feelings and behaviors which patients with autolytic behaviors can cause in professionals and which can interfere in the proper assessment and care of these patients is another of the objectives which must never be overlooked so as to reduce the anxiety of the professional, the patient and the patient’s environment. The purpose of this article consists of describing, as a guide for rapid intervention, the different steps to take for both identifying and handling possible autolytic behaviors, as well as identifying the different options to be followed answering a call from apatient who has carried out or wants to carry out an autolytic ges (AU)

Retroperitoneal fibrosis: single-centre experience from 1992 to 2010, current status of knowledge and review of the international literature.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to investigate retroperitoneal fibrosis in a Spanish hospital and present a review of the international literature to attempt to elucidate a diagnostic and therapeutic approach to this unusual pathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A database search was performed in the pathology department and in the documentation service using the key words "retroperitoneal fibrosis" and "Ormond's disease", limiting the search to the years 1990-2010. Cases in which secondary retroperitoneal fibrosis was considered were excluded. In addition, a PubMed literature search was performed using the terms "retroperitoneal fibrosis" and "Ormond's", limiting the search to 1985-2011. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were diagnosed with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRF) or Ormond's disease. The most common symptom at the time of diagnosis was flank pain. With regard to laboratory findings, five patients (22.7%) had anaemia and eight (36.3%) had renal failure. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 20 patients (90.9%) and the most common finding observed was retroperitoneal mass. Eighteen patients were started on corticosteroids, in six cases in association with azathioprine. Three patients had recurrence at 12, 24 and 72 months, respectively, and 15 patients required emergency surgery. Nine open surgical procedures were performed. CONCLUSIONS: At present, IRF is considered an autoimmune disease that presents with local and systemic signs and symptoms. CT and magnetic resonance imaging are the two tests of choice in IRF diagnosis and follow-up. [(18)F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography is starting to be used for assessment and treatment response. A combination of medical and surgical treatment is usually applied. It is essential to administer corticosteroids alone or in association with other immunosuppressive drugs such as azathioprine. Laparoscopic ureterolysis, or robotic ureterolysis, if available, is the technique of choice.

Sertoli cell tumor, a rare testicular tumor, our experience and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: We report two new cases of Sertoli cell testicular tumors, and a Cochrane and Medline search of cases published worldwide. METHODS: We reviewed our series of testicular tumors, the stromal tumor incidence, clinical presentation, treatment and prognosis, and the experience reflected in the literature. RESULTS: The prevalence of testicular tumors in our health area is of 0.09%, and 2.3% of them are Sertoli cell neoplasms. This figure is slightly higher than the found in other series in which Sertoli tumors range from 0.4% to 1.5% of testicular malignancies in adults and reach 4% in children. CONCLUSIONS: Sertoli cell tumor has an incidence not exceeding 4%. The most common symptom is a painless mass; in cases with endocrine manifestation, up to 10% are malignant depending on the age of the patient.

Testicular tumor like by "Corynebacterium thommsenii".

OBJECTIVE: To report the first case described of genitourinary infection by Corynebacterium Thommsenii in a man. METHODS: Descriptive study of a testicular infection by an atypical unknown germ in a patient, which was identified and diagnosed thank to the use of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We performed a bibliographic search of similar cases. RESULTS: We only found one case of pleural infection by Corynebacterium Thommsenii in the human being, with no case of genitourinary involvement described. CONCLUSIONS: To date there is only one case described of infection by Corynebacterium Thommsenii in human beings, possibly due to underdiagnosis for the slow grow of this pathogen. Genetic amplification methods by PCR should be demanded more frequently by clinicians because they provide an advance in the microbiologic diagnosis is slow-growing pathogens.

Tumor de células de sertoli. Un extraño tumor testicular. Nuestra experiencia y revisión de la literatura / Sertolli cell tumor, a rare testicular tumor, our experience and review of the literature

OBJETIVO: Aportamos dos nuevos casos de tumor testicular de células de Sertoli, realizando búsqueda en Medline y Cochrane de los casos publicados a nivel internacional.MÉTODOS: Revisión de nuestra serie de neoplasias testiculares, incidencia de los tumores estromales, presentación, clínica, tratamiento y pronóstico, así como de la experiencia reflejada en la literatura. RESULTADOS:La prevalencia de los tumores testiculares en nuestra área de salud es del 0,09 %, suponiendo el tumor de Sertoli el 2,3 % de ellos. La incidencia es levemente superior a la informada en otros trabajos, con cifras del 0,4% al 1,5% de los tumores testiculares en el adulto y hasta el 4% en los niños. La presentación más habitual es la masa testicular indolora, pudiendo existir semiología secundaria a la producción hormonal.CONCLUSIONES: El tumor de células de Sertoli presenta una incidencia no superior al 4% de las neoplasias testiculares. La clínica más habitual es la tumoración indolora, existiendo casos de manifestaciones endocrinas que varían según la edad del paciente Hasta un 10% de ellos se comportan de manera maligna(AU)

OBJECTIVE: We report two new cases of Sertoli cell testicular tumors, and a Cochrane and Medline search of cases published worldwide.METHODS: We reviewed our series of testicular tumors, the stromal tumor incidence, clinical presentation, treatment and prognosis, and the experience reflected in the literature.RESULTS: The prevalence of testicular tumors in our health area is of 0.09%, and 2.3% of them are Sertoli cell neoplasms. This figure is slightly higher than the found in other series in which Sertoli tumors range from 0.4% to 1.5% of testicular malignancies in adults and reach 4% in children.CONCLUSIONS: Sertoli cell tumor has an incidence not exceeding 4%. The most common symptom is a painless mass; in cases with endocrine manifestation, up to 10% are malignant depending on the age of the patient

Pseudotumor testicular por "corynebacterium thommseni" / Testicular pseudotumor by “Corynebacterium Thommsenii”

OBJETIVO: Informamos del primer caso descrito en la literatura de infección genitourinaria por Corynebacterium Thomssenii en el hombre.MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de infección testicular por germen atípico y desconocido en un paciente, siendo identificado y diagnosticado gracias a la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR), realizamos búsqueda en la bibliografía universal de casos similares. RESULTADOS: Encontramos solo un caso de infección pleural por Corynebacterium Thomssenii en el hombre, no estando descritos ningún caso de afección genitourinaria.CONCLUSIONES: Hasta el momento actual no existen más que un caso descrito de infección por C. Thomssenii en el hombre, posiblemente debido a infradiagnostico, por el lento crecimiento de este patógeno. Los métodos de amplificación genética mediante PCR deben ser más demandados por el clínico ya que aportan un adelanto en el diagnóstico microbiológico en patógenos de lento crecimiento(AU)

OBJECTIVE: To report the first case described of genitourinary infection by Corynebacterium Thommsenii in a man.METHODS: Descriptive study of a testicular infection by an atypical unknown germ in a patient, which was identified and diagnosed thank to the use of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We performed a bibliographic search of similar cases.RESULTS: We only found one case of pleural infection by Corynebacterium Thommsenii in the human being, with no case of genitourinary involvement described.CONCLUSIONS: To date there is only one case described of infection by Corynebacterium Thommsenii in human beings, possibly due to underdiagnosis for the slow grow of this pathogen. Genetic amplification methods by PCR should be demanded more frequently by clinicians because they provide an advance in the microbiologic diagnosis is slow-growing pathogens(AU)

Tuberculous orchiepididymitis during 1978-2003 period: review of 34 cases and role of 16S rRNA amplification.

Genitourinary tuberculosis was diagnosed in 543 patients in Spanish hospital from 1978 through 2003. Of the 371 male 34 (9.2%) had orchiepididymitis. Mean age was 52.7 years and the presenting symptom was scrotal swelling and/or pain. Over 50% of cases involved the right ovotestis. Associated renal tuberculosis and active disease in extraurological organs presented in 64% and 19.2% of cases, respectively. Diagnosis was established by culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recovery from urine and/or purulent scrotal exudate. Genomic amplification techniques aided the diagnosis in 8 patients. Treatment was rifampin, isoniazide, and pyrazinamide or ethambutol. Eight patients required combined medical and surgical treatment.

Cinco años de Actualizaciones en Enfermeria / Fifth year of Actualizaciones en Enfermeria

Actualizaciones en Enfermeria constituye un aporte valioso para las ciencias de la salud latinoamericanas. Esta revista es un estímulo para la actividad cientifica de las enfermeras, observándose un aumento permanente en la cantidad y calidad de los trabajos realizados. Es así como aquellos primeros articulos de revisión se han ido reemplazando paulatinamente por trabajos de investigación originales, permitiendo de esta forma la difusión de la valiosa y abundante experiencia clínica y administrativa de nuestro departamento de enfermería, sin duda uno de los mas avanzados del país, y de excelentes investigaciones realizadas en otras instituciones del pais e incluso del exterior.

Disfunción miocárdica transitoria por asfixia / Transient myocardial dysfunction due to asphyxia

De 100 niños escogidos al azar con faringitis aguda, se realizó estudio epidemiológico, clinico y bacteriológico en 93 con el objetivo de valorar la importancia de estos parámetros para estabelecer la etiológia. No se encontró estreptococo patógeno en menores de 2 años. De 11 síntomas y 26 signos solo se encontró correlación estadísticamente significativa entre inflamación de la mucosa nasal y ausencia de estreptococo patógeno. El número de Leucocitos presentes en el frotis faríngeo y la presencia de cocos intraleucocitarios prometen ser un parámetro para la diferenciación etiológica. La frecuencia de complicaciones piógenas es importante 6%, encontrándose como factores predisponente la rinitis crónica